Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Transition Between Hunting and Gathering and the Specialized Husbandry of Resources: A Socio-ecological Approach [and Comments and Reply]Robert Layton, Robert Foley, Elizabeth Williams, Claudia Chang, Tim Ingold, Deborah I. Olszewski, Michael Rosenberg, M. Steven Shackley, Eric A. Smith, and Marek ZvelebilRobert Layton Search for more articles by this author , Robert Foley Search for more articles by this author , Elizabeth Williams Search for more articles by this author , Claudia Chang Search for more articles by this author , Tim Ingold Search for more articles by this author , Deborah I. Olszewski Search for more articles by this author , Michael Rosenberg Search for more articles by this author , M. Steven Shackley Search for more articles by this author , Eric A. Smith Search for more articles by this author , and Marek Zvelebil Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 32, Number 3Jun., 1991 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/203953 Views: 38Total views on this site Citations: 75Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1991 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Charlotte M. Hall, Laura Vang Rasmussen, Bronwen Powell, Cecilie Dyngeland, Suhyun Jung, Rasmus Skov Olesen Deforestation reduces fruit and vegetable consumption in rural Tanzania, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no.1010 (Mar 2022).https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2112063119Marie Norddal Jendresen, Laura Vang Rasmussen The importance of forest foods for diet quality: A case study from Sangthong District, Laos, Trees, Forests and People 7 (Mar 2022): 100166.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100166Michael Rosenberg Proximate Causation and Pattern Part I: The Paths to Food Production, (Jul 2022): 133–151.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04863-0_8Rosario Feuillet Terzaghi, Daniel Loponte The pre-Columbian cemetery Río Salado-Coronda and the low-level food production explored by stable isotopes in the Paraná basin, South America, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 35 (Feb 2021): 102720.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102720Matías E. Medina, Imanol Balena Tiny Arrow Points, Bone-Tipped Projectiles, and Foraging During the Late Prehispanic Period (Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina), (Jan 2021): 33–58.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61187-3_2Matías E. Medina, M. Laura López, Mailín R. Campos, Valentina Saur Palmieri, Sebastián Pastor Pit-houses, seasonality, and subsistence resources: an essay from Boyo Paso 2 (ca. 900–700 BP, Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina), Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12, no.66 (May 2020).https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01066-6Laura Vang Rasmussen, Matthew E. Fagan, Amy Ickowitz, Sylvia L.R. Wood, Gina Kennedy, Bronwen Powell, Frédéric Baudron, Sarah Gergel, Suhyun Jung, Erica A.H. Smithwick, Terry Sunderland, Stephen Wood, Jeanine M. Rhemtulla Forest pattern, not just amount, influences dietary quality in five African countries, Global Food Security 25 (Jun 2020): 100331.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100331Laura Vang Rasmussen, Sylvia L. R. Wood, Jeanine M. Rhemtulla Deconstructing Diets: The Role of Wealth, Farming System, and Landscape Context in Shaping Rural Diets in Ethiopia, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4 (May 2020).https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00045Brandi Bethke Revisiting the Horse in Blackfoot Culture: Understanding the Development of Nomadic Pastoralism on the North American Plains, International Journal of Historical Archaeology 24, no.11 (May 2019): 44–61.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10761-019-00502-1Tom Güldemann, Patrick McConvell, Richard A. Rhodes Hunter-Gatherer Anthropology and Language, (Feb 2020): 3–48.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139026208.002Bram Tucker Où vivre sans boire revisited: Water and political‐economic change among Mikea hunter‐gatherers of southwestern Madagascar, Economic Anthropology 7, no.11 (Aug 2019): 22–37.https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12160M. Sasikumar , Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India 69, no.11 ( 2020): 47.https://doi.org/10.1177/2277436X20927222John Feeney Hunter-gatherer land management in the human break from ecological sustainability, The Anthropocene Review 6, no.33 (Jul 2019): 223–242.https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019619864382Alejandro Acosta, Mirian Carbonera, Daniel Loponte Archaeological hunting patterns of Amazonian horticulturists: The Guarani example, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 29, no.66 (Sep 2019): 999–1012.https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2813Atul Bhargava, Shilpi Srivastava Human Civilization and Agriculture, (Apr 2019): 1–27.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7119-6_1Matías E. Medina, Mailín Campos, Nancy Ávila, Esteban Soibelzon, Fernando J. Fernández Animal food during the Late Prehispanic Period at Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina. A zooarchaeological view from Boyo Paso 2, Anthropozoologica 54, no.11 (Jan 2019): 83.https://doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2019v54a10Michael W. Diehl, Sarah A. Herr, Jennifer A. Waters Subsistence Practices and the Occupational Histories of the Little Green Valley: A Prehistoric Central Arizona Frontier, KIVA 84, no.22 (Apr 2018): 237–261.https://doi.org/10.1080/00231940.2018.1443545Jeffery Sobal Food System Channels, Health, and Illness, (Jul 2017): 3–25.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1057-629020170000018001Diane Gifford-Gonzalez “Animal disease challenges” fifteen years later: The hypothesis in light of new data, Quaternary International 436 (Apr 2017): 283–293.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.054Laura Lee Junker, Larissa M. Smith Farmer and Forager Interactions in Southeast Asia, (Dec 2017): 619–632.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6521-2_36Gustavo Neme El Indígeno and High-Altitude Human Occupation in the Southern Andes, Mendoza (Argentina), Latin American Antiquity 27, no.11 (Jan 2017): 96–114.https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.1.96Gaudiose Mujawamariya, Kees Burger Private Versus Communal Tenure Systems in Gum Arabic Collection, (Feb 2016): 53–69.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19405-9_3Christine M. Rodrigue Animal Domestication, (Mar 2016): 325–332.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_8437Jacob Freeman, Matthew A. Peeples, John M. Anderies Toward a theory of non-linear transitions from foraging to farming, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40 (Dec 2015): 109–122.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2015.07.001Rosie R. Bishop Did Late Neolithic farming fail or flourish? A Scottish perspective on the evidence for Late Neolithic arable cultivation in the British Isles, World Archaeology 47, no.55 (Aug 2015): 834–855.https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2015.1072477Frédéric Leroy, Istvan Praet Meat traditions. The co-evolution of humans and meat, Appetite 90 (Jul 2015): 200–211.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.014Carsten H. Richter, Jianchu Xu, Bruce A. Wilcox Opportunities and challenges of the ecosystem approach, Futures 67 (Mar 2015): 40–51.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2014.12.002Christine M. Rodrigue Animal Domestication, (Feb 2015): 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_8437-2Rosie R. Bishop, Mike J. Church, Peter A. Rowley-Conwy Firewood, food and human niche construction: the potential role of Mesolithic hunter–gatherers in actively structuring Scotland's woodlands, Quaternary Science Reviews 108 (Jan 2015): 51–75.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.004Charlotte L. King, R. Alexander Bentley, Charles Higham, Nancy Tayles, Una Strand Viðarsdóttir, Robert Layton, Colin G. Macpherson, Geoff Nowell Economic change after the agricultural revolution in Southeast Asia?, Antiquity 88, no.339339 (Jan 2015): 112–125.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00050250Michael R. Coughlan, Aaron M. Petty Fire as a dimension of historical ecology: a response to Bowman et al. (2011), Journal of Biogeography 40, no.55 (Aug 2012): 1010–1012.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02767.xAndrew A. White Subsistence economics, family size, and the emergence of social complexity in hunter–gatherer systems in eastern North America, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, no.11 (Mar 2013): 122–163.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.12.003Marina Fischer-Kowalski, Fridolin Krausmann, Barbara Smetschka Modelling Transport as a Key Constraint to Urbanisation in Pre-industrial Societies, (Sep 2012): 77–101.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1177-8_4Melinda A. Zeder The Broad Spectrum Revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31, no.33 (Sep 2012): 241–264.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003MARK W. LAKE, ENRICO R. CREMA THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF ADAPTIVE-TRAIT DIVERSITY WHEN RESOURCES ARE UNCERTAIN AND FINITE, Advances in Complex Systems 15, no.01n0201n02 (Mar 2012): 1150013.https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525911003323Peter Rowley-Conwy, Robert Layton Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no.15661566 (Mar 2011): 849–862.https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0307Carina Llano, Gustavo Neme, Catalina Michieli Plant use intensification among hunter-gatherers in the Diamante river basin, Argentina, Before Farming 2011, no.22 (Jan 2011): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2011.2.2Bram Tucker, MR. Tsimitamby, Frances Humber, Sophie Benbow, Taku Iida Foraging for Development: A Comparison of Food Insecurity, Production, and Risk among Farmers, Forest Foragers, and Marine Foragers in Southwestern Madagascar, Human Organization 69, no.44 (Dec 2010): 375–386.https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.69.4.m1n76k5272632873Jennifer Cunniff, Michael Charles, Glynis Jones, Colin P. Osborne Was low atmospheric CO 2 a limiting factor in the origin of agriculture?, Environmental Archaeology 15, no.22 (Jul 2013): 113–123.https://doi.org/10.1179/146141010X12640787648469Tammy Y. Watkins The Prevalence of Wild Food Knowledge Among Nomadic Turkana of Northern Kenya, Journal of Ethnobiology 30, no.11 (Mar 2010): 137–152.https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-30.1.137Melinda A. Zeder and Bruce D. Smith A Conversation on Agricultural Origins: Talking Past Each Other in a Crowded Room Zeder and Smith, Current Anthropology 50, no.55 (Jul 2015): 681–690.https://doi.org/10.1086/605553Melinda A. Zeder Evolutionary Biology and the Emergence of Agriculture: The Value of Co-opted Models of Evolution in the Study of Culture Change, (Aug 2009): 157–210.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0682-3_7Douglas W. Bird, Rebecca Bliege Bird, Brian F. Codding In Pursuit of Mobile Prey: Martu Hunting Strategies and Archaeofaunal Interpretation, American Antiquity 74, no.11 (Jan 2017): 3–29.https://doi.org/10.1017/S000273160004748XG. A. Neme, A. F. Gil Faunal exploitation and agricultural transitions in the South American agricultural limit, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 18, no.33 (Jan 2008): 293–306.https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.944D. S. G. Pollock Nitrates, water and salt: maintaining the fertility of agriculture, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 32, no.44 (Jul 2013): 350–360.https://doi.org/10.1179/030801807X211784David Rhode, Zhang Haiying, David B. Madsen, Gao Xing, P. Jeffrey Brantingham, Ma Haizhou, John W. Olsen Epipaleolithic/early Neolithic settlements at Qinghai Lake, western China, Journal of Archaeological Science 34, no.44 (Apr 2007): 600–612.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.016Pieter Jolly Before farming? Cattle kept and painted by the southeastern San, Before Farming 2007, no.44 (Jan 2007): 1–29.https://doi.org/10.3828/bfarm.2007.4.2Douglas W. Bird, James F. O’Connell Behavioral Ecology and Archaeology, Journal of Archaeological Research 14, no.22 (Jun 2006): 143–188.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-006-9003-6 Ian Keen Constraints on the Development of Enduring Inequalities in Late Holocene Australia Keen, Current Anthropology 47, no.11 (Jul 2015): 7–38.https://doi.org/10.1086/497672NICOLE M. WAGUESPACK The Organization of Male and Female Labor in Foraging Societies: Implications for Early Paleoindian Archaeology, American Anthropologist 107, no.44 (Dec 2005): 666–676.https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.4.666Elena A. A. Garcea An Alternative Way Towards Food Production: The Perspective from the Libyan Sahara, Journal of World Prehistory 18, no.22 (Jun 2004): 107–154.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-004-2878-6 Dwight W. Read and Steven A. LeBlanc Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, and Conflict Read and LeBlanc, Current Anthropology 44, no.11 (Jul 2015): 59–85.https://doi.org/10.1086/344616Kathleen D. Morrison, Laura L. Junker Forager-Traders in South and Southeast Asia, 3 (Sep 2009).https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489631Savino di Lernia Dismantling Dung: Delayed Use of Food Resources among Early Holocene Foragers of the Libyan Sahara, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 20, no.44 (Dec 2001): 408–441.https://doi.org/10.1006/jaar.2000.0384David S. Wilkie, Ricardo A. Godoy Income and Price Elasticities of Bushmeat Demand in Lowland Amerindian Societies, Conservation Biology 15, no.33 (Jun 2001): 761–769.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003761.xRobert L. Bettinger Holocene Hunter–Gatherers, (Jan 2001): 137–195.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72611-3_5 Mary C. Stiner , Natalie D. Munro , and Todd A. Surovell The Tortoise and the Hare: Small‐Game Use, the Broad‐Spectrum Revolution, and Paleolithic Demography Stiner, Munro, and Surovell, Current Anthropology 41, no.11 (Jul 2015): 39–79.https://doi.org/10.1086/300102Bruce Winterhalder, Eric Alden Smith Analyzing adaptive strategies: Human behavioral ecology at twenty-five, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 9, no.22 (Jan 2000): 51–72.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(2000)9:2<51::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-7Rodrigo Sierra, Fabian Rodriguez, Elizabeth Losos Forest resource use change during early market integration in tropical rain forests: the Huaorani of upper Amazonia, Ecological Economics 30, no.11 (Jul 1999): 107–119.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00101-3Christine A. Hastorf Recent research in paleoethnobotany, Journal of Archaeological Research 7, no.11 (Mar 1999): 55–103.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02446085A. M. Mannion Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal, Progress in Physical Geography 23, no.11 (Aug 2016): 37–56.https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300102 References, (Jan 1998): 329–369.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012557180-7/50008-4Laura Lee Junker Hunter‐gatherer landscapes and lowland trade in the prehispanic Philippines, World Archaeology 27, no.33 (Mar 1996): 389–410.https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1996.9980316Scott L. Fedick Indigenous agriculture in the Americas, Journal of Archaeological Research 3, no.44 (Dec 1995): 257–303.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02232717A.C. D'Andrea Archaeobotanical evidence for Zoku-Jomon subsistence at the Mochiyazawa site, Hokkaido, Japan, Journal of Archaeological Science 22, no.55 (Sep 1995): 583–595.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4403(95)80144-8Douglas A. Edwards, James F. O'Connell Broad spectrum diets in arid Australia, Antiquity 69, no.265265 (Jan 2015): 769–783.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00082326Sabine U. O’Hara Valuing socio‐diversity, International Journal of Social Economics 22, no.55 (May 1995): 31–49.https://doi.org/10.1108/03068299510147915ROWAN F. SAGE Was low atmospheric CO2 during the Pleistocene a limiting factor for the origin of agriculture?, Global Change Biology 1, no.22 (Apr 1995): 93–106.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00009.xRicardo Godoy, Nicholas Brokaw, David Wilkie The effect of income on the extraction of non-timber tropical forest products: Model, hypotheses, and preliminary findings from the Sumu Indians of Nicaragua, Human Ecology 23, no.11 (Mar 1995): 29–52.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01190097Alan P. Sullivan Artifact Scatters and Subsistence Organization, Journal of Field Archaeology 22, no.11 (Jul 2013): 49–64.https://doi.org/10.1179/009346995791547705 Bruce Winterhalder , and Carol Goland On Population, Foraging Efficiency, and Plant Domestication, Current Anthropology 34, no.55 (Oct 2015): 710–715.https://doi.org/10.1086/204214John M. Gowdy The Bioethics of Hunting and Gathering Societies, Review of Social Economy 50, no.22 (Nov 2006): 130–148.https://doi.org/10.1080/759368611 A. B. Kehoe On Boas and Doctrinaire Positions, Current Anthropology 33, no.22 (Oct 2015): 219–220.https://doi.org/10.1086/204056John L. Brooke Domestication, Agriculture, and the Rise of the State, (): 109–120.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139050814.020John L. Brooke Agricultural Revolutions, (): 121–164.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139050814.006